Stage 24

clks/drivers/video/framebuffer.c

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ static struct clks_fb_state clks_fb = {
     .address = CLKS_NULL,
     .info = {0, 0, 0, 0},
     .font = CLKS_NULL,
-    .external_font = {0, 0, 0, 0, CLKS_NULL},
+    .external_font = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, CLKS_NULL},
     .external_font_active = CLKS_FALSE,
     .glyph_width = 8U,
     .glyph_height = 8U,
@@ -149,6 +149,7 @@ void clks_fb_draw_char(u32 x, u32 y, char ch, u32 fg_rgb, u32 bg_rgb) {
     u32 col;
     u32 cols;
     u32 rows;
+    u32 row_stride;
 
     if (clks_fb.ready == CLKS_FALSE || clks_fb.font == CLKS_NULL) {
         return;
@@ -167,15 +168,26 @@ void clks_fb_draw_char(u32 x, u32 y, char ch, u32 fg_rgb, u32 bg_rgb) {
         rows = 8U;
     }
 
-    if (cols > 8U) {
+    row_stride = clks_fb.font->bytes_per_row;
-        cols = 8U;
+
+    if (row_stride == 0U) {
+        row_stride = (cols + 7U) / 8U;
+    }
+
+    if (row_stride == 0U) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (((usize)row_stride * (usize)rows) > (usize)clks_fb.font->bytes_per_glyph) {
+        return;
     }
 
     for (row = 0U; row < rows; row++) {
-        u8 bits = glyph[row];
+        const u8 *row_bits = glyph + ((usize)row * (usize)row_stride);
 
         for (col = 0U; col < cols; col++) {
-            u8 mask = (u8)(1U << (7U - col));
+            u8 bits = row_bits[col >> 3U];
+            u8 mask = (u8)(0x80U >> (col & 7U));
             u32 color = (bits & mask) != 0U ? fg_rgb : bg_rgb;
             clks_fb_put_pixel(x + col, y + row, color);
         }
@@ -183,7 +195,7 @@ void clks_fb_draw_char(u32 x, u32 y, char ch, u32 fg_rgb, u32 bg_rgb) {
 }
 
 clks_bool clks_fb_load_psf_font(const void *blob, u64 blob_size) {
-    struct clks_psf_font parsed = {0, 0, 0, 0, CLKS_NULL};
+    struct clks_psf_font parsed = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, CLKS_NULL};
 
     if (clks_psf_parse_font(blob, blob_size, &parsed) == CLKS_FALSE) {
         return CLKS_FALSE;
@@ -201,4 +213,4 @@ u32 clks_fb_cell_width(void) {
 
 u32 clks_fb_cell_height(void) {
     return clks_fb.glyph_height == 0U ? 8U : clks_fb.glyph_height;
-}
+}

clks/drivers/video/psf_font.c

@@ -10,12 +10,26 @@
 #define CLKS_PSF1_GLYPH_BYTES 8U
 #define CLKS_PSF1_BLOB_SIZE (CLKS_PSF1_HEADER_SIZE + (CLKS_PSF1_GLYPH_COUNT * CLKS_PSF1_GLYPH_BYTES))
 
+#define CLKS_PSF2_MAGIC 0x864AB572U
+#define CLKS_PSF2_HEADER_MIN_SIZE 32U
+
 struct clks_psf1_header {
     u8 magic[2];
     u8 mode;
     u8 charsize;
 };
 
+struct clks_psf2_header {
+    u32 magic;
+    u32 version;
+    u32 headersize;
+    u32 flags;
+    u32 length;
+    u32 charsize;
+    u32 height;
+    u32 width;
+};
+
 struct clks_psf_seed_glyph {
     u8 code;
     u8 rows[CLKS_PSF1_GLYPH_BYTES];
@@ -74,7 +88,7 @@ static const struct clks_psf_seed_glyph clks_psf_seed_table[] = {
 };
 
 static u8 clks_psf_default_blob[CLKS_PSF1_BLOB_SIZE];
-static struct clks_psf_font clks_psf_default = {8U, 8U, 0U, 0U, CLKS_NULL};
+static struct clks_psf_font clks_psf_default = {8U, 8U, 0U, 0U, 1U, CLKS_NULL};
 static clks_bool clks_psf_default_ready = CLKS_FALSE;
 
 static clks_bool clks_psf_parse_psf1(const u8 *blob, usize blob_size, struct clks_psf_font *out_font) {
@@ -114,10 +128,70 @@ static clks_bool clks_psf_parse_psf1(const u8 *blob, usize blob_size, struct clk
     out_font->height = glyph_bytes;
     out_font->glyph_count = glyph_count;
     out_font->bytes_per_glyph = glyph_bytes;
+    out_font->bytes_per_row = 1U;
     out_font->glyphs = blob + CLKS_PSF1_HEADER_SIZE;
     return CLKS_TRUE;
 }
 
+static clks_bool clks_psf_parse_psf2(const u8 *blob, usize blob_size, struct clks_psf_font *out_font) {
+    const struct clks_psf2_header *hdr;
+    u32 bytes_per_row;
+    usize min_bytes_per_glyph;
+    usize payload_size;
+
+    if (blob == CLKS_NULL || out_font == CLKS_NULL) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (blob_size < CLKS_PSF2_HEADER_MIN_SIZE) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    hdr = (const struct clks_psf2_header *)blob;
+
+    if (hdr->magic != CLKS_PSF2_MAGIC) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (hdr->headersize < CLKS_PSF2_HEADER_MIN_SIZE || hdr->headersize > blob_size) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (hdr->width == 0U || hdr->height == 0U || hdr->length == 0U || hdr->charsize == 0U) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    bytes_per_row = (hdr->width + 7U) / 8U;
+
+    if (bytes_per_row == 0U) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    min_bytes_per_glyph = (usize)bytes_per_row * (usize)hdr->height;
+
+    if (min_bytes_per_glyph > hdr->charsize) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if ((usize)hdr->length > (((usize)-1) / (usize)hdr->charsize)) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    payload_size = (usize)hdr->length * (usize)hdr->charsize;
+
+    if (payload_size > (blob_size - (usize)hdr->headersize)) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    out_font->width = hdr->width;
+    out_font->height = hdr->height;
+    out_font->glyph_count = hdr->length;
+    out_font->bytes_per_glyph = hdr->charsize;
+    out_font->bytes_per_row = bytes_per_row;
+    out_font->glyphs = blob + hdr->headersize;
+    return CLKS_TRUE;
+}
+
 static void clks_psf_seed_default_blob(void) {
     struct clks_psf1_header *hdr;
     u32 i;
@@ -157,6 +231,7 @@ const struct clks_psf_font *clks_psf_default_font(void) {
             clks_psf_default.height = 8U;
             clks_psf_default.glyph_count = 1U;
             clks_psf_default.bytes_per_glyph = CLKS_PSF1_GLYPH_BYTES;
+            clks_psf_default.bytes_per_row = 1U;
             clks_psf_default.glyphs = clks_psf_unknown;
         }
 
@@ -185,9 +260,26 @@ const u8 *clks_psf_glyph(const struct clks_psf_font *font, u32 codepoint) {
 }
 
 clks_bool clks_psf_parse_font(const void *blob, u64 blob_size, struct clks_psf_font *out_font) {
-    if (blob_size == 0ULL) {
+    const u8 *bytes;
+    u32 magic32;
+
+    if (blob == CLKS_NULL || out_font == CLKS_NULL || blob_size == 0ULL) {
         return CLKS_FALSE;
     }
 
-    return clks_psf_parse_psf1((const u8 *)blob, (usize)blob_size, out_font);
+    bytes = (const u8 *)blob;
+
+    if (blob_size >= 4ULL) {
+        magic32 =
+            ((u32)bytes[0]) |
+            (((u32)bytes[1]) << 8U) |
+            (((u32)bytes[2]) << 16U) |
+            (((u32)bytes[3]) << 24U);
+
+        if (magic32 == CLKS_PSF2_MAGIC) {
+            return clks_psf_parse_psf2(bytes, (usize)blob_size, out_font);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return clks_psf_parse_psf1(bytes, (usize)blob_size, out_font);
 }

clks/drivers/video/psf_font.h

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ struct clks_psf_font {
     u32 height;
     u32 glyph_count;
     u32 bytes_per_glyph;
+    u32 bytes_per_row;
     const u8 *glyphs;
 };
 
@@ -15,4 +16,4 @@ const struct clks_psf_font *clks_psf_default_font(void);
 const u8 *clks_psf_glyph(const struct clks_psf_font *font, u32 codepoint);
 clks_bool clks_psf_parse_font(const void *blob, u64 blob_size, struct clks_psf_font *out_font);
 
-#endif
+#endif

clks/include/clks/panic.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef CLKS_PANIC_H
+#define CLKS_PANIC_H
+
+#include <clks/compiler.h>
+#include <clks/types.h>
+
+CLKS_NORETURN void clks_panic(const char *reason);
+CLKS_NORETURN void clks_panic_exception(const char *name, u64 vector, u64 error_code, u64 rip);
+
+#endif

clks/kernel/interrupts.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <clks/interrupts.h>
 #include <clks/log.h>
 #include <clks/keyboard.h>
+#include <clks/panic.h>
 #include <clks/scheduler.h>
 #include <clks/syscall.h>
 #include <clks/types.h>
@@ -247,11 +248,7 @@ void clks_interrupt_dispatch(struct clks_interrupt_frame *frame) {
     }
 
     if (vector < 32U) {
-        clks_log(CLKS_LOG_ERROR, "EXC", clks_exception_names[vector]);
+        clks_panic_exception(clks_exception_names[vector], vector, frame->error_code, frame->rip);
-        clks_log_hex(CLKS_LOG_ERROR, "EXC", "VECTOR", vector);
-        clks_log_hex(CLKS_LOG_ERROR, "EXC", "ERROR", frame->error_code);
-        clks_log_hex(CLKS_LOG_ERROR, "EXC", "RIP", frame->rip);
-        clks_cpu_halt_forever();
     }
 
     if (vector == CLKS_IRQ_TIMER) {

clks/kernel/kmain.c

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ void clks_kernel_main(void) {
         clks_tty_init();
     }
 
-    clks_log(CLKS_LOG_INFO, "BOOT", "CLEONOS Stage23 START");
+    clks_log(CLKS_LOG_INFO, "BOOT", "CLEONOS Stage24 START");
 
     if (boot_fb == CLKS_NULL) {
         clks_log(CLKS_LOG_WARN, "VIDEO", "NO FRAMEBUFFER FROM LIMINE");

clks/kernel/panic.c

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+#include <clks/cpu.h>
+#include <clks/framebuffer.h>
+#include <clks/panic.h>
+#include <clks/serial.h>
+#include <clks/string.h>
+#include <clks/types.h>
+
+#define CLKS_PANIC_BG 0x00200000U
+#define CLKS_PANIC_FG 0x00FFE0E0U
+
+struct clks_panic_console {
+    u32 cols;
+    u32 rows;
+    u32 row;
+    u32 col;
+    u32 cell_w;
+    u32 cell_h;
+};
+
+static clks_bool clks_panic_active = CLKS_FALSE;
+
+static inline void clks_panic_disable_interrupts(void) {
+#if defined(CLKS_ARCH_X86_64)
+    __asm__ volatile("cli");
+#elif defined(CLKS_ARCH_AARCH64)
+    __asm__ volatile("msr daifset, #0xf");
+#endif
+}
+
+static void clks_panic_u64_to_hex(u64 value, char out[19]) {
+    int nibble;
+
+    out[0] = '0';
+    out[1] = 'X';
+
+    for (nibble = 0; nibble < 16; nibble++) {
+        u8 current = (u8)((value >> ((15 - nibble) * 4)) & 0x0FULL);
+        out[2 + nibble] = (current < 10U) ? (char)('0' + current) : (char)('A' + (current - 10U));
+    }
+
+    out[18] = '\0';
+}
+
+static clks_bool clks_panic_console_init(struct clks_panic_console *console) {
+    struct clks_framebuffer_info info;
+
+    if (console == CLKS_NULL || clks_fb_ready() == CLKS_FALSE) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    info = clks_fb_info();
+
+    console->cell_w = clks_fb_cell_width();
+    console->cell_h = clks_fb_cell_height();
+
+    if (console->cell_w == 0U) {
+        console->cell_w = 8U;
+    }
+
+    if (console->cell_h == 0U) {
+        console->cell_h = 8U;
+    }
+
+    console->cols = info.width / console->cell_w;
+    console->rows = info.height / console->cell_h;
+    console->row = 0U;
+    console->col = 0U;
+
+    if (console->cols == 0U || console->rows == 0U) {
+        return CLKS_FALSE;
+    }
+
+    return CLKS_TRUE;
+}
+
+static void clks_panic_console_newline(struct clks_panic_console *console) {
+    if (console == CLKS_NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    console->col = 0U;
+
+    if (console->row + 1U < console->rows) {
+        console->row++;
+    }
+}
+
+static void clks_panic_console_put_char(struct clks_panic_console *console, char ch) {
+    u32 x;
+    u32 y;
+
+    if (console == CLKS_NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (ch == '\n') {
+        clks_panic_console_newline(console);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (ch == '\r') {
+        console->col = 0U;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (console->row >= console->rows || console->col >= console->cols) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    x = console->col * console->cell_w;
+    y = console->row * console->cell_h;
+    clks_fb_draw_char(x, y, ch, CLKS_PANIC_FG, CLKS_PANIC_BG);
+
+    console->col++;
+
+    if (console->col >= console->cols) {
+        clks_panic_console_newline(console);
+    }
+}
+
+static void clks_panic_console_write(struct clks_panic_console *console, const char *text) {
+    usize i = 0U;
+
+    if (console == CLKS_NULL || text == CLKS_NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    while (text[i] != '\0') {
+        clks_panic_console_put_char(console, text[i]);
+        i++;
+    }
+}
+
+static void clks_panic_serial_write_line(const char *line) {
+    if (line == CLKS_NULL) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    clks_serial_write(line);
+    clks_serial_write("\n");
+}
+
+static CLKS_NORETURN void clks_panic_halt_loop(void) {
+    clks_cpu_halt_forever();
+}
+
+CLKS_NORETURN void clks_panic(const char *reason) {
+    struct clks_panic_console console;
+
+    clks_panic_disable_interrupts();
+
+    if (clks_panic_active == CLKS_TRUE) {
+        clks_panic_halt_loop();
+    }
+
+    clks_panic_active = CLKS_TRUE;
+
+    clks_panic_serial_write_line("[PANIC] CLeonOS KERNEL PANIC");
+
+    if (reason != CLKS_NULL) {
+        clks_panic_serial_write_line(reason);
+    }
+
+    if (clks_panic_console_init(&console) == CLKS_TRUE) {
+        clks_fb_clear(CLKS_PANIC_BG);
+
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "CLeonOS KERNEL PANIC\n");
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "====================\n\n");
+
+        if (reason != CLKS_NULL) {
+            clks_panic_console_write(&console, "REASON: ");
+            clks_panic_console_write(&console, reason);
+            clks_panic_console_write(&console, "\n");
+        }
+
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "\nSystem halted. Please reboot the VM.\n");
+    }
+
+    clks_panic_halt_loop();
+}
+
+CLKS_NORETURN void clks_panic_exception(const char *name, u64 vector, u64 error_code, u64 rip) {
+    struct clks_panic_console console;
+    char hex_buf[19];
+
+    clks_panic_disable_interrupts();
+
+    if (clks_panic_active == CLKS_TRUE) {
+        clks_panic_halt_loop();
+    }
+
+    clks_panic_active = CLKS_TRUE;
+
+    clks_panic_serial_write_line("[PANIC] CPU EXCEPTION");
+
+    if (name != CLKS_NULL) {
+        clks_panic_serial_write_line(name);
+    }
+
+    clks_panic_u64_to_hex(vector, hex_buf);
+    clks_panic_serial_write_line(hex_buf);
+    clks_panic_u64_to_hex(error_code, hex_buf);
+    clks_panic_serial_write_line(hex_buf);
+    clks_panic_u64_to_hex(rip, hex_buf);
+    clks_panic_serial_write_line(hex_buf);
+
+    if (clks_panic_console_init(&console) == CLKS_TRUE) {
+        clks_fb_clear(CLKS_PANIC_BG);
+
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "CLeonOS KERNEL PANIC\n");
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "====================\n\n");
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "TYPE: CPU EXCEPTION\n");
+
+        if (name != CLKS_NULL) {
+            clks_panic_console_write(&console, "NAME: ");
+            clks_panic_console_write(&console, name);
+            clks_panic_console_write(&console, "\n");
+        }
+
+        clks_panic_u64_to_hex(vector, hex_buf);
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "VECTOR: ");
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, hex_buf);
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "\n");
+
+        clks_panic_u64_to_hex(error_code, hex_buf);
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "ERROR:  ");
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, hex_buf);
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "\n");
+
+        clks_panic_u64_to_hex(rip, hex_buf);
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "RIP:    ");
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, hex_buf);
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "\n\n");
+
+        clks_panic_console_write(&console, "System halted. Please reboot the VM.\n");
+    }
+
+    clks_panic_halt_loop();
+}

clks/kernel/shell.c

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <clks/heap.h>
 #include <clks/keyboard.h>
 #include <clks/log.h>
+#include <clks/panic.h>
 #include <clks/pmm.h>
 #include <clks/scheduler.h>
 #include <clks/shell.h>
@@ -696,6 +697,7 @@ static clks_bool clks_shell_cmd_help(void) {
     clks_shell_writeln("  dmesg [n]");
     clks_shell_writeln("  shstat");
     clks_shell_writeln("  rusttest");
+    clks_shell_writeln("  panic");
     clks_shell_writeln("  exec <path|name>");
     clks_shell_writeln("  clear");
     clks_shell_writeln("  kbdstat");
@@ -1209,6 +1211,11 @@ static clks_bool clks_shell_cmd_rusttest(void) {
     return CLKS_TRUE;
 }
 
+static clks_bool clks_shell_cmd_panic(void) {
+    clks_panic("MANUAL PANIC FROM KERNEL SHELL");
+    return CLKS_FALSE;
+}
+
 static void clks_shell_execute_line(const char *line) {
     char line_buf[CLKS_SHELL_LINE_MAX];
     char cmd[CLKS_SHELL_CMD_MAX];
@@ -1271,6 +1278,8 @@ static void clks_shell_execute_line(const char *line) {
         success = clks_shell_cmd_shstat();
     } else if (clks_shell_streq(cmd, "rusttest") == CLKS_TRUE) {
         success = clks_shell_cmd_rusttest();
+    } else if (clks_shell_streq(cmd, "panic") == CLKS_TRUE) {
+        success = clks_shell_cmd_panic();
     } else if (clks_shell_streq(cmd, "exec") == CLKS_TRUE || clks_shell_streq(cmd, "run") == CLKS_TRUE) {
         success = clks_shell_cmd_exec(arg);
     } else if (clks_shell_streq(cmd, "clear") == CLKS_TRUE) {

docs/README.md

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 - `stage21.md`
 - `stage22.md`
 - `stage23.md`
+- `stage24.md`
 
 ## Notes
 - Stage docs use a fixed template: goal, implementation, acceptance criteria, build targets, QEMU command, and debugging notes.

docs/stage24.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# CLeonOS Stage24
+
+## Stage Goal
+- Add a kernel shell command `panic`.
+- Trigger a deliberate kernel panic from shell command input.
+- Show a dedicated panic screen in framebuffer mode for manual panic and CPU exceptions.
+
+## What Was Implemented
+- New panic subsystem:
+  - `clks/include/clks/panic.h`
+  - `clks/kernel/panic.c`
+- Panic subsystem behavior:
+  - disable interrupts before panic halt
+  - write panic summary to serial (`-serial stdio`)
+  - draw full-screen panic page on framebuffer
+  - halt forever after panic
+- Exception path integration:
+  - `clks/kernel/interrupts.c` now routes `vector < 32` to `clks_panic_exception(...)`
+- Shell integration:
+  - `clks/kernel/shell.c` adds `panic` command
+  - `panic` command calls `clks_panic("MANUAL PANIC FROM KERNEL SHELL")`
+  - `help` output includes `panic`
+- Stage banner updated:
+  - `CLEONOS Stage24 START`
+
+## Acceptance Criteria
+- Kernel boots and prints `CLEONOS Stage24 START`.
+- `help` lists `panic`.
+- Typing `panic` in kernel shell shows panic page and system halts.
+- Triggering CPU exceptions (if any) also enters the same panic screen flow.
+
+## Build Targets
+- `make setup`
+- `make userapps`
+- `make iso`
+- `make run`
+- `make debug`
+
+## QEMU Command
+- `qemu-system-x86_64 -M q35 -m 1024M -cdrom build/CLeonOS-x86_64.iso -serial stdio`
+
+## Common Bugs and Debugging
+- `panic` command not found:
+  - Confirm `help` output contains `panic` and shell dispatch includes `clks_shell_cmd_panic()`.
+- Panic screen not visible but serial has panic logs:
+  - Ensure framebuffer is available from Limine and `clks_fb_ready()` is true.
+- Exception still prints old logs instead of panic page:
+  - Check `clks_interrupt_dispatch()` exception branch routes to `clks_panic_exception(...)`.

scripts/gen-tty-psf.ps1

@@ -1,24 +1,35 @@
 param(
-    [string]$OutputPath = "ramdisk/system/tty.psf"
+    [string]$OutputPath = "ramdisk/system/tty.psf",
+    [int]$Width = 12,
+    [int]$Height = 24,
+    [int]$GlyphCount = 256,
+    [int]$FontSize = 20,
+    [int]$OffsetX = 0,
+    [int]$OffsetY = 0,
+    [int]$AutoCenter = 1
 )
 
 Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Drawing
 
-$width = 8
+if ($Width -le 0 -or $Height -le 0) {
-$height = 16
+    throw "Width and Height must be positive"
-$glyphCount = 256
+}
-$headerSize = 4
-$bytesPerGlyph = $height
-$totalSize = $headerSize + ($glyphCount * $bytesPerGlyph)
 
-$fontCandidates = @("Consolas", "Lucida Console", "Courier New")
+if ($GlyphCount -le 0) {
+    throw "GlyphCount must be positive"
+}
+
+$fontCandidates = @("Cascadia Mono", "Consolas", "Lucida Console")
 $font = $null
+
 foreach ($name in $fontCandidates) {
     try {
-        $font = New-Object System.Drawing.Font($name, 14, [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Regular, [System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit]::Pixel)
+        $candidate = New-Object System.Drawing.Font($name, $FontSize, [System.Drawing.FontStyle]::Regular, [System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit]::Pixel)
-        if ($font.Name -eq $name) {
+        if ($candidate.Name -eq $name) {
+            $font = $candidate
             break
         }
+        $candidate.Dispose()
     } catch {
         $font = $null
     }
@@ -28,57 +39,170 @@ if ($null -eq $font) {
     throw "No usable monospace font found for PSF generation"
 }
 
-$bytes = New-Object byte[] $totalSize
+function Set-U32LE {
-$bytes[0] = 0x36
+    param(
-$bytes[1] = 0x04
+        [byte[]]$Buffer,
-$bytes[2] = 0x00
+        [int]$Offset,
-$bytes[3] = [byte]$bytesPerGlyph
+        [uint32]$Value
+    )
+
+    $Buffer[$Offset + 0] = [byte]($Value -band 0xFF)
+    $Buffer[$Offset + 1] = [byte](($Value -shr 8) -band 0xFF)
+    $Buffer[$Offset + 2] = [byte](($Value -shr 16) -band 0xFF)
+    $Buffer[$Offset + 3] = [byte](($Value -shr 24) -band 0xFF)
+}
+
+function Pixel-On {
+    param([System.Drawing.Color]$Pixel)
+    return (($Pixel.R + $Pixel.G + $Pixel.B) -ge 384)
+}
+
+function Render-NormalizedGlyph {
+    param(
+        [char]$Char,
+        [System.Drawing.Font]$Font,
+        [int]$GlyphWidth,
+        [int]$GlyphHeight,
+        [int]$ShiftX,
+        [int]$ShiftY,
+        [int]$DoCenter
+    )
+
+    $workW = [Math]::Max($GlyphWidth * 4, 64)
+    $workH = [Math]::Max($GlyphHeight * 4, 64)
+
+    $src = New-Object System.Drawing.Bitmap $workW, $workH
+    $g = [System.Drawing.Graphics]::FromImage($src)
+    $g.Clear([System.Drawing.Color]::Black)
+    $g.TextRenderingHint = [System.Drawing.Text.TextRenderingHint]::SingleBitPerPixelGridFit
+
+    $fmt = New-Object System.Drawing.StringFormat
+    $fmt.FormatFlags = [System.Drawing.StringFormatFlags]::NoClip
+    $fmt.Alignment = [System.Drawing.StringAlignment]::Near
+    $fmt.LineAlignment = [System.Drawing.StringAlignment]::Near
+
+    $size = $g.MeasureString([string]$Char, $Font, 1000, $fmt)
+    $drawX = [int][Math]::Floor(($workW - $size.Width) / 2.0)
+    $drawY = [int][Math]::Floor(($workH - $size.Height) / 2.0)
+
+    $g.DrawString([string]$Char, $Font, [System.Drawing.Brushes]::White, $drawX, $drawY, $fmt)
+    $g.Dispose()
+    $fmt.Dispose()
+
+    $minX = $workW
+    $minY = $workH
+    $maxX = -1
+    $maxY = -1
+
+    for ($y = 0; $y -lt $workH; $y++) {
+        for ($x = 0; $x -lt $workW; $x++) {
+            if (Pixel-On ($src.GetPixel($x, $y))) {
+                if ($x -lt $minX) { $minX = $x }
+                if ($y -lt $minY) { $minY = $y }
+                if ($x -gt $maxX) { $maxX = $x }
+                if ($y -gt $maxY) { $maxY = $y }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    $dst = New-Object System.Drawing.Bitmap $GlyphWidth, $GlyphHeight
+    for ($y = 0; $y -lt $GlyphHeight; $y++) {
+        for ($x = 0; $x -lt $GlyphWidth; $x++) {
+            $dst.SetPixel($x, $y, [System.Drawing.Color]::Black)
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ($maxX -ge $minX -and $maxY -ge $minY) {
+        $contentW = $maxX - $minX + 1
+        $contentH = $maxY - $minY + 1
+
+        if ($DoCenter -ne 0) {
+            $baseX = [int][Math]::Floor(($GlyphWidth - $contentW) / 2.0)
+            $baseY = [int][Math]::Floor(($GlyphHeight - $contentH) / 2.0)
+        } else {
+            $baseX = 0
+            $baseY = 0
+        }
+
+        $targetX = $baseX + $ShiftX
+        $targetY = $baseY + $ShiftY
+
+        for ($y = $minY; $y -le $maxY; $y++) {
+            for ($x = $minX; $x -le $maxX; $x++) {
+                if (-not (Pixel-On ($src.GetPixel($x, $y)))) {
+                    continue
+                }
+
+                $nx = $targetX + ($x - $minX)
+                $ny = $targetY + ($y - $minY)
+
+                if ($nx -ge 0 -and $nx -lt $GlyphWidth -and $ny -ge 0 -and $ny -lt $GlyphHeight) {
+                    $dst.SetPixel($nx, $ny, [System.Drawing.Color]::White)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    $src.Dispose()
+    return $dst
+}
+
+$headerSize = 32
+$bytesPerRow = (($Width + 7) -shr 3)
+$bytesPerGlyph = $bytesPerRow * $Height
+$totalSize = $headerSize + ($GlyphCount * $bytesPerGlyph)
+
+$bytes = New-Object byte[] $totalSize
+
+# PSF2 header
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 0  -Value ([Convert]::ToUInt32("864AB572", 16))
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 4  -Value 0
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 8  -Value ([uint32]$headerSize)
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 12 -Value 0
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 16 -Value ([uint32]$GlyphCount)
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 20 -Value ([uint32]$bytesPerGlyph)
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 24 -Value ([uint32]$Height)
+Set-U32LE -Buffer $bytes -Offset 28 -Value ([uint32]$Width)
 
-# default all glyphs to blank, avoids noisy '?' for undefined chars.
 for ($i = $headerSize; $i -lt $totalSize; $i++) {
     $bytes[$i] = 0x00
 }
 
-$white = [System.Drawing.Brushes]::White
+for ($code = 32; $code -le [Math]::Min(126, $GlyphCount - 1); $code++) {
-$black = [System.Drawing.Color]::Black
-
-for ($code = 32; $code -le 126; $code++) {
     $ch = [char]$code
-
+    $glyphBmp = Render-NormalizedGlyph -Char $ch -Font $font -GlyphWidth $Width -GlyphHeight $Height -ShiftX $OffsetX -ShiftY $OffsetY -DoCenter $AutoCenter
-    $bmp = New-Object System.Drawing.Bitmap $width, $height
-    $g = [System.Drawing.Graphics]::FromImage($bmp)
-    $g.Clear($black)
-    $g.TextRenderingHint = [System.Drawing.Text.TextRenderingHint]::SingleBitPerPixelGridFit
-
-    # Small negative offset keeps glyph centered in 8x16 cell for common monospace fonts.
-    $g.DrawString([string]$ch, $font, $white, -1, -2)
 
     $glyphOffset = $headerSize + ($code * $bytesPerGlyph)
 
-    for ($y = 0; $y -lt $height; $y++) {
+    for ($y = 0; $y -lt $Height; $y++) {
-        [byte]$rowBits = 0
+        $rowOffset = $glyphOffset + ($y * $bytesPerRow)
 
-        for ($x = 0; $x -lt $width; $x++) {
+        for ($x = 0; $x -lt $Width; $x++) {
-            $p = $bmp.GetPixel($x, $y)
+            $p = $glyphBmp.GetPixel($x, $y)
-            if (($p.R + $p.G + $p.B) -ge 384) {
+            if (Pixel-On $p) {
-                $rowBits = [byte]($rowBits -bor (1 -shl (7 - $x)))
+                $byteIndex = ($x -shr 3)
+                $bitIndex = 7 - ($x -band 7)
+                $target = $rowOffset + $byteIndex
+                $bytes[$target] = [byte]($bytes[$target] -bor (1 -shl $bitIndex))
             }
         }
-
-        $bytes[$glyphOffset + $y] = $rowBits
     }
 
-    $g.Dispose()
+    $glyphBmp.Dispose()
-    $bmp.Dispose()
 }
 
 $font.Dispose()
 
-$dir = Split-Path -Parent $OutputPath
+if ([System.IO.Path]::IsPathRooted($OutputPath)) {
+    $fullOutput = $OutputPath
+} else {
+    $fullOutput = Join-Path (Resolve-Path '.') $OutputPath
+}
+
+$dir = Split-Path -Parent $fullOutput
 if (-not [string]::IsNullOrWhiteSpace($dir)) {
     New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path $dir | Out-Null
 }
 
-$fullOutput = Join-Path (Resolve-Path '.') $OutputPath
 [System.IO.File]::WriteAllBytes($fullOutput, $bytes)
-Write-Output "Generated $OutputPath ($($bytes.Length) bytes)"
+Write-Output "Generated PSF2: $OutputPath (w=$Width, h=$Height, glyphs=$GlyphCount, bytes=$($bytes.Length), center=$AutoCenter)"